China - Piloted Programme

Orbital Focus - International Spaceflight Facts and Figures

China's Piloted Space Programme

Tyneside, UK
2023 Mar 25
Saturday, Day 84

Curated by:

Robert Christy

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Launches Related to China's Piloted Programme

The table lists all launches in connection with development of China's piloted spacecraft Shenzhou and the space station that it will eventually serve.

Included in the listing are Shenzhou plus the Tiangong, Tianzhou and BanXing satellites and spacecraft. All Shenzhou missions used a CZ 2F rocket launching out of Jiuquan. Tianzhou vehicles were launched atop a CZ 7 launched from the new Wenchang Space Centre.

In 2021 and 2022, China used its new CZ 5B rocket to launch the three. main modules of the Chinese Space Station (Tianhe, Wentian and Megtian) from Wenchang but current plans will still see Shenzhou departing from Jiuquan.

Shenzhou Orbital Modules

For the first mission only, the orbital module remained attached to the re-entry vehicle, undergoing a destructive re-entry following main vehicle retro-fire and its subsequent separation from the descent module.

On missions two through to six, orbital modules were constructed as independent spacecraft so, after separation prior to the main vehicle retro-fire, they pursued independent research missions using onboard sensors.

On the Shenzhhou 7 mission, the orbital module served as an airlock.

Shenzhou 8 was the first serial production spacecraft produced for routine space station support. Its orbital module was, like Soyuz, designed as an entry portal to Tiangong and Tianhe. It was cast off after retro-fire and re-entered naturally through its orbit being pulled lower by air drag.

Space-Track erroneously Catalogues ALL Shenzhou Orbital Modules as payloads.

Orbital Parameters

Since the first Shenzhou entered orbit in 1999 there have been some subtle changes in the orbital inclination used. The first two missions in 1999 and 2001 entered orbits at 42°.6. Shenzhou 3, in 2002, used an orbit with a slightly lower 42°.4 inclination and, until 2008 and Shenzhou 7, it was the norm.

In 2011, following a three year hiatus, Tiangong 1 entered orbit at the new inclination of 42°.8 to start a new phase of orbital operations. Tiangong 2 used the same inclination.

As all Shenzhou missions in this period involved rendezvous with Tiangong, it was natural that they too followed suit.

There was another inclination change, in 2021, to 41°.5 when Tianhe was launched from Wenchang. This will be the standard inclination for many years to come.

The variations are probably driven by events on the ground. They might result from something as simple as new construction in the area of the launch pad or the Space Centre, requiring the launcher to depart on a slightly different azimuth in order to avoid direct overflight. If the explanation is more technical then it may never be known.

The change that occurred in 2021 for the space station was probably due to the layout of the Wenchang Space Centre or the island countries downrange. The extra 1° of inclination to match the old values is probably not achievable with the CZ 5 without overflying something significant within the first minutes of ascent.

List of Missions

This list is extracted from the OrbitalFocus database of launches and orbits, and duplicates entries in the annual launch tables.

1999-061 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						1999 Nov 19, 22:30
Shenzhou 1 1999-061A 25956						Re-entered - 1999 Nov 20 Life 1 day Returned to Earth
Test mission to verify the whole Shenzhou launch, support, tracking and recovery concept, particularly the launch vehicle. Precise launch time: 23:30:07 a.m. Retrofire was Nov 20 at 19:00 UTC and Shenzhou landed in Inner Mongolia at 19:41 UTC. It also carried science equipment and 100 kg of seeds to investigate the effects of the orbital environment. Equipped with two, small, fixed panels of solar cells on each of the service module and orbital module. The orbital module carried a range of engineering and science instrument and remained attached to Shenzhou during retro-fire but was then released and underwent a destructive re-entry.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
1999 Nov 20, 14:36	6646	0.0095	205	332	89.87	42.60	134

2001-001 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2001 Jan 9, 17:00
Shenzhou 2 2001-001A 26664						Re-entered - 2001 Jan 16 Life 7 days Returned to Earth
Engineering test of Shenzhou spacecraft, also carried scientific equipment. Carried animal specimens including six mice, and small aquatic and terrestrial organisms. There were fifteen scientific experiments in the cabin, 12 in the orbital module and 37 externally, including a microgravity crystallography experiment, cosmic ray and particle detectors and a gamma ray burst detectors. To test the voice communication system, pre-recorded audio messages were played back. Retrofire was Jan 16 at 1015 UTC. The Descent Module landed in Inner Mongolia at 11:22 UTC but may have been seriously damaged after an unintentionally hard landing.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2001 Jan 09, 22:37	6645	0.0104	197	336	89.84	42.58	130
2001 Jan 10, 19:58	6709	0.0004	329	334	91.16	42.58	209
2001 Jan 12, 22:00	6714	0.0007	331	340	91.24	42.58	279

Shenzhou 2 Orbital Module 2001-001C 26687						Re-entered - 2001 Aug 24 Life 227 days
Released from Shenzhou 2 2001 Jan 16. Manoeuvred to higher orbit and then orbital decay brought about a natural re-entry. Equipped with extending solar panel array.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2001 Jan 16, 14:34	6716	0.0012	330	346	91.29	42.58	316
2001 Jan 17, 20:36	6774	0.0010	389	403	92.48	42.59	117
2001 Aug 24, 06:24	6525	0.0007	142	151	87.42	42.57	304

2002-014 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2002 Mar 25, 14:15
Shenzhou 3 2002-014A 27397						Re-entered - 2002 Apr 1 Life 7 days Returned to Earth
Engineering test of Shenzhou spacecraft, also carried scientific equipment. First Shenzhou vehicle to be equipped with a full life support system. Carried 44 experimentsand a video imager that broadcast from one of the portholes. As a communications test, a pre-recorded female voice was transmitted. Landed Inner Mongolia Apr 1 at 08:51 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2002 Mar 26, 01:55	6713	0.0004	332	338	91.23	42.40	272

Shenzhou 3 Orbital Module 2002-014C 27408						Re-entered - 2002 Nov 12 Life 232 days
Released from Shenzhou 3 2002 Apr 1. Equipped with experiments and sensor payload. Orbit maintained by multiple thruster firings before natural decay brought about re-entry 2002 Nov 12, approx 06:38 UTC over the Indian Ocean off western Australia. Equipped with extending solar panel array.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2002 Apr 01, 10:29	6713	0.0007	330	339	91.22	42.41	322
2002 Apr 01, 20:50	6734	0.0003	353	357	91.65	42.40	262
2002 Apr 24, 21:15	6706	0.0005	324	331	91.08	42.40	45
2002 Apr 25, 05:59	6763	0.0004	382	388	92.26	42.41	51
2002 Jun 10, 12:53	6742	0.0010	357	371	91.82	42.41	8
2002 Jun 13, 16:10	6741	0.0010	356	369	91.79	42.41	32
2002 Jun 14, 08:41	6758	0.0007	376	385	92.16	42.41	284
2002 Nov 11, 23:54	6545	0.0004	164	169	87.83	42.40	269

2002-061 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2002 Dec 29, 16:40
Shenzhou 4 2002-061A 27630						Re-entered - 2003 Jan 5 Life 7 days Returned to Earth
Engineering an flight qualification test of piloted spacecraft. Landed Inner Mongolia Jan 5 at 11:16 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2002 Dec 29, 23:47	6643	0.0100	198	332	89.80	42.41	131
2002 Dec 31, 00:27	6712	0.0004	331	337	91.21	42.41	170

Shenzhou 4 Orbital Module 2002-061C 27634						Re-entered - 2003 Sep 9 Life 254 days
Released from Shenzhou 4 2003 Jan 5. Equipped with experiments and sensor payload. Orbit maintained by multiple thruster firings before natural decay brought about re-entry. Equipped with extending solar panel array.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2003 Feb 09, 15:20	6717	0.0011	331	346	91.31	42.42	74
2003 Feb 10, 04:48	6740	0.0005	359	366	91.79	42.42	288
2003 Mar 01, 22:00	6730	0.0001	351	352	91.57	42.42	265
2003 Mar 02, 11:19	6744	0.0011	359	373	91.86	42.41	300
2003 Apr 21, 22:14	6732	0.0014	344	363	91.61	42.42	147
2003 Apr 22, 22:58	6742	0.0027	346	383	91.83	42.41	190
2003 Sep 09, 03:59	6517	0.0016	128	149	87.26	42.40	301

2003-045 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2003 Oct 15, 01:00
Shenzhou 5 2003-045A 28043						Re-entered - 2003 Oct 16 Life 1 day Returned to Earth
First piloted mission by Shenzhou spacecraft. Carried a single crew member, Yang Liwei. One onboard experiment involved exposing crop seeds from Taiwan to the orbital environment. Landed in Inner Mongolia Oct 15 at 22:23.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2003 Oct 15, 08:07	6713	0.0001	334	336	91.24	42.42	251

Shenzhou 5 Orbital Module 2003-045G 28049						Re-entered - 2004 May 30 Life 228 days
Released from Shenzhou 5 2003 Oct 15. Equipped with experiments and sensor payload. Orbit maintained by multiple thruster firings before natural decay brought about re-entry. Equipped with extending solar panel array.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2003 Oct 16, 00:50	6713	0.0002	333	336	91.22	42.43	250
2003 Oct 21, 16:27	6709	0.0002	330	332	91.14	42.43	270
2003 Oct 22, 01:22	6721	0.0005	340	346	91.40	42.43	260
2003 Nov 02, 22:56	6709	0.0003	329	333	91.15	42.43	345
2003 Nov 04, 22:17	6726	0.0007	343	352	91.49	42.43	272
2003 Nov 11, 18:44	6722	0.0007	339	348	91.41	42.43	303
2003 Nov 13, 14:52	6739	0.0007	357	366	91.77	42.43	262
2003 Dec 24, 11:27	6721	0.0008	338	348	91.40	42.43	193
2003 Dec 25, 00:45	6729	0.0010	344	357	91.55	42.43	128
2003 Dec 31, 06:24	6726	0.0012	340	356	91.50	42.43	177
2003 Dec 31, 11:06	6742	0.0034	341	387	91.83	42.42	157
2004 May 30, 01:16	6519	0.0010	134	148	87.31	42.41	276

2005-040 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2005 Oct 12, 01:00
Shenzhou 6 2005-040A 28879						Re-entered - 2005 Oct 16 Life 4 days Returned to Earth
Piloted mision carrying crew of two - Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng. For the first time, a Shenzhou crew entered the Orbital Module. Retrofire Oct 16 at 19:45 UTC led to a landing in Inner Mongolia at 20:33 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2005 Oct 12, 08:07	6712	0.0006	330	338	91.21	42.41	186

Shenzhou 6 Orbital Module 2005-040E 28883						Re-entered - 2008 Apr 1 Life 902 days
Released from Shenzhou 5 2005 Oct 16 at 19:44 UTC. Equipped with experiments and sensor payload. Orbit maintained by multiple thruster firings before natural decay brought about re-entry. Equipped with extending solar panel array, the final Shenzhou OM to be used as an independent satellite.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2005 Oct 17, 02:20	6714	0.0004	333	339	91.25	42.43	226
2005 Oct 19, 13:54	6715	0.0005	334	341	91.28	42.42	237
2005 Oct 20, 03:03	6725	0.0005	344	351	91.48	42.42	215
2005 Dec 12, 13:45	6714	0.0004	333	339	91.26	42.42	196
2005 Dec 13, 05:58	6730	0.0008	346	357	91.57	42.42	278
2006 Jan 20, 22:07	6723	0.0004	342	348	91.44	42.42	203
2006 Jan 21, 09:52	6729	0.0008	345	356	91.55	42.42	277
2006 Mar 18, 15:01	6720	0.0006	338	346	91.37	42.42	333
2006 Mar 19, 05:56	6730	0.0006	347	356	91.57	42.43	270
2006 May 28, 04:58	6716	0.0001	337	339	91.29	42.42	21
2006 May 28, 12:41	6730	0.0007	347	356	91.57	42.43	266
2006 Sep 05, 10:02	6717	0.0008	334	345	91.32	42.42	243
2006 Sep 05, 20:27	6729	0.0007	346	356	91.56	42.42	264
2007 Jan 11, 18:15	6705	0.0007	322	332	91.07	42.42	50
2007 Jan 12, 04:40	6711	0.0009	327	339	91.19	42.42	350
2007 Jan 27, 07:30	6708	0.0007	325	335	91.12	42.42	115
2007 Jan 27, 20:57	6712	0.0002	332	335	91.20	42.42	128
2007 Jun 06, 01:58	6712	0.0008	328	339	91.21	42.42	8
2007 Jun 06, 11:31	6720	0.0007	337	347	91.37	42.42	273
2008 Apr 01, 13:07	6512	0.0004	131	136	87.15	42.39	11

2008-047 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2008 Sep 25, 13:10
Shenzhou 7 2008-047A 33386						Re-entered - 2008 Sep 28 Life 3 days Returned to Earth
Piloted mission carrying Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng. Sep 27 at 08:34 UTC Zhai Zhigang wearing a Chinese-made Feitian EVA suit and Liu Boming wearing a Russian Sea Hawk EVA suit undertook a 26 minutes (approximately) spacewalk, Zhai spent 19m 35s outside the spacecraft. Used the Tianlian 1-01 communications satellite in geosynchronous orbit. Landed In Inner Mongolia Sep 28 at 09:37 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2008 Sep 25, 14:18	6644	0.0098	200	331	89.82	42.41	125
2008 Sep 25, 20:17	6712	0.0005	330	337	91.20	42.40	274

BanXing 1 (Companion Satellite 1) 2008-047G 33392						Re-entered - 2009 Oct 30 Life 400 days
Released from Shenzhou 7 Sep 27 at 11:24 UTC. 40 kg manoeuvrable satellite, built by Shanghai Micro-satellite Engineering Center, to test rendezvous procedures with Shenzhou 7 - manoeuvred seven times during the test. Also transmitted images of the main spacecraft in orbit. Still operating at end of life when re-entered naturally 2009 October 30 around 03:30 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2008 Sep 27, 19:34	6712	0.0007	329	339	91.22	42.40	283

2011-053 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2011 Sep 29, 13:16
Tiangong 1 2011-053A 37820						Re-entered - 2018 Apr 2 Life 2377 days
Small laboratory, 8.5 tonnes mass (9 tonnes including propellant), for docking experiments during visits by the unpiloted Shenzhou 8 (2011 Oct 31 - Nov 17), Shenzhou 9 (2012 Jun 16-29) and Shenzhou 10, both piloted. Precise lift-off time 13:16:03 UTC at the opening of a fifteen minute launch window. Originally anticipated life was two years. Early 2016, mission control announced that it had lost communication with Tiangong 1 and that its orbit would decay naturally, leading to uncontrolled re-entry. Launch delayed several times from 2010 by design/construction issues and investigation of the 2011 Aug 18 CZ-2C launch vehicle failure.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2011 Sep 29, 20:39	6650	0.0110	199	345	89.95	42.78	132
2011 Sep 30, 19:11	6723	0.0014	335	355	91.44	42.78	40
2011 Oct 05, 19:38	6720	0.0010	335	349	91.37	42.78	81
2011 Oct 28, 05:35	6713	0.0007	330	339	91.22	42.79	253
2011 Nov 15, 11:45	6710	0.0005	328	335	91.16	42.79	359
2011 Nov 18, 14:18	6751	0.0008	368	379	92.01	42.79	212
2012 Mar 23, 03:23	6724	0.0012	338	354	91.46	42.78	342
2012 Mar 23, 17:39	6737	0.0008	353	364	91.71	42.78	344
2012 May 26, 13:23	6721	0.0009	337	349	91.39	42.78	78
2012 Jun 10, 18:50	6711	0.0004	330	336	91.19	42.78	242
2012 Jun 11, 18:01	6707	0.0011	321	336	91.10	42.78	235
2012 Jun 14, 01:42	6706	0.0012	320	335	91.08	42.78	249
2012 Jun 14, 18:36	6711	0.0007	328	338	91.20	42.80	181
2012 Jun 28, 04:57	6709	0.0006	327	336	91.16	42.78	333
2012 Jun 28, 12:15	6710	0.0002	330	333	91.16	42.79	269
2012 Jun 28, 13:42	6723	0.0016	334	355	91.43	42.78	102
2012 Jun 29, 07:55	6739	0.0008	355	366	91.76	42.78	315
2012 Jul 05, 16:54	6738	0.0008	354	365	91.74	42.78	315
2012 Aug 30, 10:23	6728	0.0008	344	356	91.54	42.78	357
2012 Sep 16, 04:26	6735	0.0008	351	363	91.68	42.78	336
2012 Oct 15, 09:22	6727	0.0005	346	353	91.52	42.78	197
2012 Oct 15, 17:25	6737	0.0021	345	373	91.73	42.78	207
2012 Oct 16, 11:33	6749	0.0005	367	374	91.95	42.78	233
2013 Feb 04, 04:13	6726	0.0002	347	349	91.50	42.78	70
2013 Feb 04, 13:35	6737	0.0016	348	370	91.73	42.78	227
2013 Feb 05, 05:59	6744	0.0006	362	369	91.86	42.77	226
2013 May 21, 02:57	6719	0.0004	339	344	91.36	42.78	157
2013 May 22, 00:26	6715	0.0005	333	341	91.27	42.78	231
2013 Jun 05, 06:17	6710	0.0005	329	336	91.18	42.78	299
2013 Jun 06, 05:00	6709	0.0005	327	334	91.15	42.78	315
2013 Jun 09, 04:20	6707	0.0007	325	334	91.12	42.78	300
2013 Jun 10, 03:04	6713	0.0007	330	340	91.23	42.78	277
2013 Jun 25, 03:46	6709	0.0005	327	334	91.15	42.78	333
2013 Jun 25, 11:47	6722	0.0013	335	353	91.42	42.77	93
2013 Jun 26, 09:00	6739	0.0007	356	366	91.76	42.77	278
2013 Sep 11, 08:08	6724	0.0006	342	350	91.46	42.78	139
2013 Sep 11, 20:11	6739	0.0009	354	367	91.75	42.77	319
2014 Feb 18, 05:18	6717	0.0012	331	347	91.31	42.78	230
2014 Feb 18, 18:55	6736	0.0041	331	386	91.71	42.77	242
2014 Feb 19, 17:42	6759	0.0010	374	387	92.16	42.78	278
2014 Jul 16, 07:36	6722	0.0014	334	353	91.40	42.77	209
2014 Jul 16, 22:41	6734	0.0030	336	377	91.67	42.77	245
2014 Nov 25, 12:38	6721	0.0009	337	349	91.40	42.77	19
2014 Nov 26, 03:43	6746	0.0026	350	386	91.90	42.78	234
2014 Nov 26, 06:55	6759	0.0017	369	392	92.16	42.77	187
2015 Apr 09, 02:16	6720	0.0010	335	348	91.36	42.77	342
2015 Apr 09, 14:43	6741	0.0042	335	391	91.80	42.77	26
2015 Apr 10, 23:07	6771	0.0012	385	401	92.42	42.77	282

2011-063 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2011 Oct 31, 21:58
Shenzhou 8 2011-063A 37859						Re-entered - 2011 Nov 17 Life 17 days Returned to Earth
Test mission using piloted spacecraft in automatic mode to undertake docking operations with Tiangong 1 (2011-053A/37820). First serial production model of Shenzhou. Docked Nov 2 at 17:28 UTC and the two vehicles were locked together eight minutes later. Undocked Nov 14 at 11:27 UTC, backed off to 140m distance, and re-docked shortly after at 11:53 UTC as a test of spacecraft sensors at a low Sun angle. Undocked for landing Nov 16 at 10:44 UTC. Landed Nov 17 at 11:32:14 UTC in inner Mongolia near 42°.2 north, 111°.3 east. The mission was flown as a biosatellite with a payload of plants and animals. - part of the payload was DLR of Germany's SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box).
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2011 Nov 01, 14:38	6666	0.0040	262	315	90.28	42.79	138
2011 Nov 02, 13:23	6699	0.0009	315	327	90.94	42.78	269
2011 Nov 03, 12:04	6711	0.0008	328	338	91.19	42.79	285
2011 Nov 15, 06:21	6710	0.0005	328	335	91.16	42.79	354
2011 Nov 17, 06:55	6713	0.0002	333	336	91.22	42.79	78
estimated orbit	6636	0.0084	202	313	89.66	42.78	134

2012-032 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2012 Jun 16, 10:37
Shenzhou 9 2012-032A 38461						Re-entered - 2012 Jun 29 Life 13 days Returned to Earth
Carried crew of Jing Haipeng (Commander), Liu Wang (Flight Engineer) and Liu Yang (Mission Engineer), to Tiangong 1. Second Mission for Jing Haipeng after Shenzhou 7, Liu Yang is female. First stage ignition 10:37:21 UTC with launch/lift-off 3s later. Spacecraft separation was at 10:46:55 UTC, about 11s earlier than planned. Shenzhou 9 docked with Tiangong 1 Jun 18 at 06:07 UTC. On Jun 24 at 03:10 UTC, it undocked and moved 140m in front of Tiangong from where it re-docked under manual control (Liu Wang) at 04:48 UTC. Undocked Jun 28 at 01:22 UTC - after falling behind by 5 km, it was brought back automatically to 140m distance from where it then departed. Retrofire Jun 29 at 01:17 UTC led to a landing in Inner Mongolia near 42° north, 111° east at 02:02:50 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2012 Jun 16, 16:38	6636	0.0084	202	313	89.66	42.71	134
2012 Jun 16, 21:12	6667	0.0040	262	316	90.29	42.78	136
2012 Jun 17, 16:44	6700	0.0008	316	327	90.95	42.78	262
2012 Jun 18, 13:52	6712	0.0008	328	339	91.20	42.78	279
2012 Jun 28, 13:17	6714	0.0002	335	338	91.26	42.78	125

2013-029 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2013 Jun 11, 09:38
Shenzhou 10 2013-029A 39179						Re-entered - 2013 Jun 26 Life 15 days Returned to Earth
Carried crew of Nie Haisheng (Commander), Zhang Xiaoguang (Flight Engineer) and Wang Yaping (Mission Engineer) to Tiangong 1. Automatic approach to Tiangong 1 initiated June 13 02:48 UTC. Docked at 05:11 UTC with latches secured at 05:18 UTC. Undocked June 23 at 00:26 UTC, carrying its crew, and moved away from Tiangong 1. At 01:52 UTC, Nie Haisheng initiated a manually controlled approach, docking with Tiangong at 02:00, latches were fully secured at 02:07 UTC. Undocked Jun 25 at 23:05 UTC and flew in formation with Tiangong to test varying approach scenarios, re-docked briefly (probably without retracting the docking ring) then departed for a landing. Retro-fire Jun 25 about 23:18 UTC led to landing in Mongolia June 26 at 00:07 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2013 Jun 11, 15:39	6635	0.0089	198	316	89.65	42.78	132
2013 Jun 11, 17:03	6666	0.0040	261	314	90.26	42.78	138
2013 Jun 11, 21:45	6667	0.0040	262	316	90.29	42.78	136
2013 Jun 12, 18:45	6699	0.0009	315	327	90.95	42.78	290
2013 Jun 13, 12:51	6712	0.0008	329	339	91.21	42.78	295
2013 Jun 25, 03:51	6709	0.0005	327	334	91.14	42.79	337
2013 Jun 25, 13:07	6713	0.0004	333	337	91.23	42.78	134

2016-057 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2016 Sep 15, 14:04
Tiangong 2 2016-057A 41765						Re-entered - 2019 Jul 19 Life 1037 days
Small laboratory, 8.5 tonnes mass (9.5 tonnes including fuel), for docking experiments during visits by the Shenzhou 11 crew carrying mission (2016 Oct 18 - Nov 17), and Tianzhou-1 (2017-021A/42684) supply vehicle (2017 April - September). Destructive re-entry followed retro-fire with any surviving fragments impacting in the southern Pacific Ocean.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2016 Sep 15, 18:11	6644	0.0103	197	334	89.82	42.79	130
2016 Sep 19, 19:20	6628	0.0086	193	307	89.50	42.79	161
2016 Sep 20, 01:07	6752	0.0006	370	378	92.03	42.78	64
2016 Sep 24, 23:24	6759	0.0010	374	387	92.16	42.79	177
2016 Sep 25, 15:49	6764	0.0005	382	389	92.27	42.78	120
2017 Mar 04, 23:51	6750	0.0008	367	378	91.99	42.78	234
2017 Mar 05, 13:24	6758	0.0009	374	386	92.15	42.78	251
2017 Apr 04, 20:23	6756	0.0006	374	382	92.12	42.78	107
2017 Apr 15, 22:10	6763	0.0007	381	390	92.26	42.79	255
2017 Oct 14, 11:59	6768	0.0003	388	392	92.36	42.78	332
2017 Nov 03, 17:46	6767	0.0002	388	391	92.34	42.78	163
2017 Nov 04, 06:20	6768	0.0002	388	391	92.35	42.78	156
2018 Jun 12, 21:39	6761	0.0005	380	386	92.22	42.79	244
2018 Jun 14, 12:32	6674	0.0004	293	299	90.43	42.78	261
2018 Jun 21, 20:46	6672	0.0004	291	297	90.40	42.79	316
2018 Jun 23, 17:06	6769	0.0008	385	396	92.37	42.78	303
2019 Jul 18, 08:09	6760	0.0006	378	386	92.19	42.78	122
2019 Jul 18, 20:06	6659	0.0144	185	377	90.13	42.78	269
2019 Jul 19, 06:45	6659	0.0143	185	376	90.12	42.78	273

Banxing 2 2016-057H 41834						Re-entered - 2019 Jul 15 Life 1033 days
Micro-satellite built by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology, carrying cameras and equipped with a cold gas thruster system. Ejected by a spring mechanism from Tiangong 2 2016 Oct 22 at 22:31 UTC and used to photograph the station while docked with Shenzhou 11 (2016-061A/41812). It made several minor orbit adjustments while in the vicinity of Tiangong 2 to allow it to move away and return.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2016 Oct 24, 08:48	6758	0.0007	375	384	92.14	42.79	350
2019 Jul 08, 20:54	6589	0.0016	200	221	88.71	42.77	273
2019 Jul 15, 20:29	6499	0.0012	113	129	86.90	42.74	179

2016-061 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2016 Oct 16, 23:30
Shenzhou 11 2016-061A 41812						Re-entered - 2016 Nov 18 Life 33 days Returned to Earth
Carried Jing Haipeng (commander) and Chen Dong (engineer) to Tiangong 2. Docked Oct 18 at 19:24 UTC and the crew entered Tiangong at 22:32 UTC. Undocked 2016 Nov 17 at 04:41 UTC, after 29.4 days. Landed in the Siziwang Banner area of Inner Mongolia Nov 18 at 05:59 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2016 Oct 17, 11:58	6657	0.0123	197	361	90.09	42.79	132
2016 Oct 17, 14:58	6729	0.0023	335	366	91.55	42.78	141
2016 Oct 18, 12:14	6749	0.0008	366	376	91.97	42.79	268
2016 Oct 18, 16:50	6762	0.0008	379	389	92.23	42.79	278
2016 Nov 15, 17:56	6756	0.0009	372	384	92.11	42.78	185
2016 Nov 17, 17:26	6759	0.0025	363	398	92.16	42.80	356

2017-021 CZ 7 Wenchang Space Centre						2017 Apr 20, 11:41
Tianzhou 1 2017-021A 42684						Re-entered - 2017 Sep 22 Life 155 days
Spacecraft to test propellant transfer to China's future large space station. Docked with Tiangong 2 (2016-057A/41765) 2017 Apr 22 at 04:16 UTC with latches engaged at 04:23 UTC. Completed a propellant transfer Apr 27 at 11:07 UTC and completed a second one Jun 15 at 10:28 UTC. Each operation took five days. Undocked 2017 Jun 19 and conducted a fly-around of Tiangong 2. Docked a second time with Tiangong 2 on Jun 19 at about 06:48 UTC with latches angaged at 06:55 UTC. Undocked Jun 21 at 09:47 UTC. Docked with Tiangong 2 for a third time 2017 Sep 12 at about 15:50 UTC after an approach to simulate a short duration launch-docking mission, similar to Soyuz. Latches were engaged at 15:58 UTC. Completed a three-day propellant transfer test Sep 16 at 12:17 UTC. Undocked Sep 17 at 08:15 UTC. Retro-fire Sep 22 at around 12:00 UTC led to destructive re-entry about 45 mins later with any surviving fragments hitting the southern Pacific Ocean.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2017 Apr 20, 20:42	6718	0.0044	311	369	91.33	42.79	181
2017 Apr 21, 17:54	6751	0.0008	367	378	92.00	42.78	276
2017 Apr 22, 16:53	6763	0.0007	380	390	92.25	42.79	289
2017 Jun 14, 14:33	6762	0.0011	377	391	92.23	42.78	314
2017 Jun 19, 13:02	6764	0.0010	379	393	92.28	42.78	2
2017 Jun 21, 13:57	6773	0.0003	393	397	92.45	42.78	274
2017 Sep 11, 06:28	6771	0.0000	393	393	92.41	42.78	104
2017 Sep 12, 06:50	6695	0.0186	193	441	90.86	42.25	230
2017 Sep 13, 07:26	6769	0.0002	390	393	92.38	42.78	167

Silu 1 (Silk Road 1) 2017-021F 42903						Re-entered - 2019 Apr 11 Life 721 days
3U Cubesat carrying development versions of sensors to be used in a future Earth observation constellation. Released from Tianzhou 1 2017 Aug 1, possibly as a test of a cubesat deployment mechanism for use on a space station.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2017 Aug 02, 21:35	6769	0.0007	387	395	92.37	42.79	226

2021-035 CZ 5B Wenchang Space Centre						2021 Apr 29, 03:23
Tianhe 2021-035A 48274						in space
Core module of Chinese space station, designed for expansion using additional modules. It is capable of receiving Shenzhou and Tianzhou spacecraft to deliver crews and supplies.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2021 Apr 29, 09:11	6655	0.0159	171	382	90.04	41.47	170
2021 Apr 29, 12:21	6712	0.0075	284	384	91.22	41.48	172
2021 Apr 29, 13:54	6717	0.0079	286	392	91.31	41.47	167
2021 Apr 29, 18:32	6747	0.0024	353	385	91.92	41.47	181
2021 May 13, 07:42	6750	0.0019	360	385	91.99	41.47	278
2021 May 23, 23:41	6731	0.0015	343	364	91.60	41.47	231
2021 May 27, 17:39	6735	0.0021	343	371	91.68	41.45	249
2021 May 29, 14:11	6751	0.0006	369	376	92.00	41.47	2
2021 Jun 04, 06:49	6751	0.0005	370	376	92.00	41.47	45
2021 Jun 04, 14:01	6759	0.0008	376	386	92.17	41.47	220
2021 Jun 29, 12:36	6758	0.0007	375	385	92.15	41.47	21
2021 Jun 30, 02:05	6758	0.0007	375	384	92.15	41.47	35
2021 Jul 01, 12:13	6758	0.0007	375	384	92.14	41.47	59
2021 Jul 02, 01:53	6759	0.0007	376	385	92.16	41.47	49
2021 Jul 04, 05:54	6759	0.0007	376	385	92.16	41.47	62
2021 Sep 01, 07:18	6756	0.0007	374	383	92.12	41.47	165
2021 Sep 01, 20:42	6761	0.0001	382	384	92.22	41.47	256
2021 Sep 17, 05:35	6760	0.0002	380	384	92.20	41.47	282
2021 Sep 18, 04:39	6761	0.0004	381	386	92.22	41.47	268
2021 Oct 21, 02:58	6761	0.0002	382	385	92.22	41.47	266
2021 Oct 21, 13:55	6764	0.0006	382	390	92.27	41.46	231
2021 Oct 22, 04:24	6764	0.0007	381	391	92.27	41.47	234
2022 Apr 20, 14:57	6754	0.0006	372	380	92.07	41.47	29
2022 Apr 21, 16:47	6766	0.0012	380	395	92.30	41.47	189
2022 May 12, 07:17	6762	0.0012	376	392	92.24	41.47	316
2022 May 13, 01:27	6767	0.0004	386	392	92.34	41.47	325
2022 May 31, 04:43	6765	0.0001	386	387	92.28	41.47	141
2022 May 31, 13:31	6766	0.0004	386	390	92.32	41.47	189
2022 Jul 19, 05:43	6758	0.0004	378	383	92.16	41.47	297
2022 Jul 19, 20:15	6762	0.0007	379	389	92.23	41.47	247
2022 Sep 27, 09:49	6758	0.0004	377	383	92.15	41.47	33
2022 Sep 28, 04:10	6762	0.0003	382	386	92.23	41.47	279
2022 Nov 04, 12:20	6761	0.0005	380	386	92.21	41.47	291
2022 Nov 04, 15:18	6767	0.0009	382	395	92.33	41.48	224

2021-046 CZ 7 Wenchang Space Centre						2021 May 29, 12:55
Tianzhou 2 2021-046A 48803						Re-entered - 2022 Mar 31 Life 306 days
Supplies and equipment to Chinese Space Station (CSS) in advance of the Shenzhou 12 crew mission. Docked with the rear port of Tianhe May 29, 21:01 UTC. Undocked 2021 Sep 18 at 02:25 UTC and re-docked with the forward-facing port of Tianhe about four hours later, clearing the rear port for the upcoming Tianzhou 3. 2022 Jan 5 at 22:12 UTC, Tianzhou 2 was undocked using Tianhe's robotic arm. After rotating 20° away from the station's axis and back, it was re-docked at 22:59 UTC. 2022 Jan 7 at about 22:00 UTC, Tianzhou 2 undocked from Tianhe and backed away. At 23:55 UTC it was re-docked at the same, forward, port under manual remote control by the CSS crew. Undocked for final time 2022 March 27 at 07:59 UTC. Retro-fire Mar 31 at around 10:00 UTC, whilst passing over central China. led to destructive re-entry above the southern Pacific Ocean at 10:40 UTC with any surviving debris hitting the ocean surface a few minutes later.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2021 May 29, 13:12	6637	0.0094	197	322	89.69	41.47	176
2021 May 29, 14:11	6751	0.0006	369	376	92.00	41.47	2
2021 May 29, 17:22	6738	0.0006	356	364	91.74	41.47	24
2022 Mar 26, 13:11	6757	0.0007	373	383	92.12	41.47	250
2022 Mar 28, 00:32	6783	0.0041	377	433	92.66	41.47	183
2022 Mar 30, 00:20	6782	0.0041	376	432	92.65	41.47	198

2021-053 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2021 Jun 17, 01:22
Shenzhou 12 2021-053A 48852						Re-entered - 2021 Sep 17 Life 92 days Returned to Earth
Carried crew of Nie Haisheng (commander), Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo to Chinese Space Station (CSS). Docked with forward-facing port of Tianhe at 07:54 UTC. The crew entered CSS at 10:48 UTC. Undocked 2021 Sep 16 at 00:56 UTC and backed away. It then made a simulated docking with Tianhe's downward-facing port as a rehearsal for the upcoming Shenzhou 13 mission. Orbital module separated from the main spacecraft Sep 17 at 04:43 and retro-fire followed shortly after. The descent module landed in central China at 05:34 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
estimated orbit	6637	0.0094	197	322	89.69	41.47	176
2021 Jun 17, 08:53	6759	0.0009	375	387	92.17	41.47	301
2021 Sep 16, 06:37	6758	0.0007	376	385	92.16	41.47	350
2021 Sep 16, 23:21	6765	0.0004	384	390	92.30	41.55	260

2021-085 CZ 7 Wenchang Space Centre						2021 Sep 20, 07:10
Tianzhou 3 2021-085A 49222						Re-entered - 2022 Jul 27 Life 310 days
Supplies and equipment to Chinese Space Station (CSS) in advance of the Shenzhou 13 crew mission. Also carries hosted payloads consisting of a set of space science and engineering sensors operated independently of the space station mission, including a detector to scan for orbital space debris. Initial orbit was similar to 2021-085B. Docked with the rear port of Tianhe at 14:08 UTC on the day of launch. Undocked 2022 Apr 19 at 21:02 UTC, following departure of Shenzhou 13. Docked with the forward port of Tianhe Apr 20 at 01:06 UTC. Undocked 2022 Jul 17 at 02:59 UTC. Caused to re-enter above the southern Pacific Ocean 2022 Jul 27 at 03:31 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2021 Sep 20, 11:25	6747	0.0002	368	371	91.93	41.46	269
2021 Sep 20, 13:03	6761	0.0004	380	385	92.21	41.47	290
2022 Jul 15, 21:23	6759	0.0004	378	383	92.17	41.47	281
2022 Jul 17, 13:58	6762	0.0002	383	385	92.23	41.47	126

2021-092 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2021 Oct 15, 16:23
Shenzhou 13 2021-092A 49326						Re-entered - 2022 Apr 16 Life 183 days Returned to Earth
Carried crew of Zhai Zhigang (commander), Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu (the backup crew from Shenzhou 12) to CSS (Chinese Space Station). Docked with the downward-facing port of the Tianhe module at 22:48 UTC with hooks and latches closed at 22:56 UTC. Initial orbit was similar to the rocket stage. The inclination of the first orbit listed may be an error. Undocked, carrying its crew, 2022 Apr 15 at 16:44 UTC. Its orbital module was released Apr 16 at 01:06 UTC and retro-fire occurred shortly after, leading to a landing in Inner Mongolia at 01:56 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2021 Oct 15, 22:29	6710	0.0006	328	335	91.17	42.41	158
2021 Oct 16, 04:14	6762	0.0002	382	385	92.22	41.47	251
2022 Apr 15, 10:07	6755	0.0007	372	381	92.09	41.47	347
2022 Apr 15, 19:42	6751	0.0006	369	377	92.01	41.48	9

2022-050 CZ 7 Wenchang Space Centre						2022 May 9, 17:56
Tianzhou 4 2022-050A 52509						Re-entered - 2022 Nov 14 Life 189 days
Supplies and equipment to Chinese Space Station (CSS) in advance of the Shenzhou 14 crew mission. Made rendezvous with CSS and the final docking command was issued May 10 at 00:54 UTC. Docked with the rear port of Tianhe a few minutes later. Also includes a set of hosted payloads consisting of a set of space science and engineering sensors operated independently of the space station mission. Undocked 2022 Nov 9, 06:55 UTC. Retro-fire led to re-entry above the southern Pacific Ocean Nov 14, 23:21 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2022 May 09, 22:12	6748	0.0010	363	376	91.93	41.46	288
2022 May 10, 13:55	6763	0.0012	376	393	92.24	41.47	306
2022 Nov 08, 13:27	6766	0.0009	382	394	92.32	41.48	256
2022 Nov 09, 15:31	6766	0.0010	381	394	92.31	41.48	261
2022 Nov 09, 23:28	6763	0.0016	374	395	92.24	41.48	271

Zhixing 3A 2022-050E 54245						Re-entered - 2023 Feb 12 Life 279 days
6U Cubesat (size to be confirmed) carrying an Earth imaging system. Released from Tianzhou 4 on Nov 13 at 22:02 UTC, after Tianzhou departed from CSS.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2022 Nov 16, 14:26	6763	0.0015	375	395	92.25	41.48	331

2022-060 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2022 Jun 5, 02:44
Shenzhou 14 2022-060A 52797						Re-entered - 2022 Dec 4 Life 182 days Returned to Earth
Crew to CSS - Chen Dong (commander), Liu Yang and Cai Xuzhe. Docked with the downward-facing port of the Tianhe module at 09:42 UTC. Initial orbit similar to rocket upper stage. Undocked, carrying original crew, 2022 Dec 4 at 03:01 UTC. Retro-fire at 11:21 UTC led to landing near Jiuquan shortly before 12:10 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2022 Jun 05, 16:28	6766	0.0004	385	391	92.31	41.47	221
2022 Dec 02, 14:10	6768	0.0006	386	394	92.35	41.48	0

2022-085 CZ 5 Wenchang Space Centre						2022 Jul 24, 06:22
Wentian 2022-085A 53239						in space
Module for Chinese Space Station, precise launch time 06:22:32 UTC, released from launch vehicle at 06:30:47 UTC about 5700 km behind CSS. Docked with forward-facing port of Tianhe module of CSS at 19:13 UTC on day of launch. Transferred to side port of docking module 2022 Sep 30 in ~60 min operation completed at 04:44 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
estimated orbit	6619	0.0089	182	300	89.32	41.45	168
2022 Jul 24, 17:08	6756	0.0008	372	384	92.11	41.46	227
2022 Jul 24, 17:52	6761	0.0007	378	388	92.21	41.47	272
2022 Jul 24, 18:15	6762	0.0007	379	388	92.22	41.47	278

2022-143 CZ 5B Wenchang Space Centre						2022 Oct 31, 07:37
Mengtian 2022-143A 54216						in space
Chinese Space Station module. Separated from launch vehicle at 07:45 UTC. Docked with the forward-facing port of Tianhe at 20:27 UTC on day of launch. Nov 3, after a manoeuvre lasting for about one hour, a robotic arm docked it with a side port opposite Wentian at 01:32 UTC.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2022 Oct 31, 11:45	6627	0.0109	177	320	89.48	41.46	167
2022 Oct 31, 14:42	6690	0.0032	291	333	90.77	41.52	232
2022 Oct 31, 18:08	6762	0.0005	380	387	92.22	41.47	272
2022 Oct 31, 22:47	6762	0.0005	380	387	92.22	41.47	276

2022-152 CZ 7 Wenchang Space Centre						2022 Nov 12, 02:03
Tianzhou 5 2022-152A 54237						in space
Supplies to Chinese Space Station - support for the upcoming Shenzhou 15 mission. Inital orbit similar to the CZ 7 rocket stage. Docked with Tianhe rear port 04:10 UTC. 2022 December 18, Tianzhou released the Macau Student Satellite (54816/2021-035C) from its external Cubesat deployer - see launch entry for that date.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2022 Nov 12, 09:34	6766	0.0010	381	395	92.31	41.48	274

2022-162 CZ 2F Jiuquan Space Centre						2022 Nov 29, 15:08
Shenzhou 15 2022-162A 54379						in space
Crew to CSS - Fei Junlong (commander), Deng Qingming and Zhang Lu. Separated from launch vehicle at 15:17 UTC. Matched orbit with CSS at about 19:30 UTC then docked with the forward-facing port of the Tianhe module at 21:42 UTC. The first orbit listed is an estimate based on Chinese data.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2022 Nov 29, 15:18	6659	0.0121	200	361	90.12	41.48	125
2022 Nov 29, 19:40	6768	0.0006	386	393	92.34	41.48	336
2022 Nov 30, 08:10	6768	0.0006	386	393	92.34	41.48	340

2022-C01 External Cubesat Deployer - Tianzhou 5 Chinese Space Station						2022 Dec 18, 01:30
Macau Student Science Satellite 1 2021-035C 54816						Re-entered - 2023 Mar 15 Life 87 days
8U Cubesat (4x2) built for China's Macau University of Science and Technology (MUST). it carries a number of educational payloads to "…teach students about imaging, radio communication and other spaceflight activities". Includes Amsat China's CAMSAT XW-4 payload for use by amateur radio operators that includes an Earth imaging system to collect and store pictures and then download them on demand. Time of release from CSS to be confirmed.
epoch (UTC)	s-m axis ( km )	ecc	perigee ( km )	apogee ( km )	period ( min )	incl ( ° )	ω ( ° )
2022 Dec 20, 22:27	6763	0.0008	380	390	92.25	41.48	207